简介：Livercelltransplantationpresentsclinicalbenefitinpatientswithinbornerrorsofmetabolismasanalternative,oratleastasabridge,toorthotopiclivertransplantation.Thesuccessofsuchatherapeuticapproachremainslimitedbythequalityofthetransplantedcells.Cryopreservationremainsthebestoptionforlong-termstorageofhepatocytes,providingapermanentandsufficientcellsupply.However,isolatedadulthepatocytesarepoorlyresistanttosuchaprocess,withasignificantalterationboth...

简介：Inordertoexplorethefeasibilityofcryopreservationondormantforesttreeseeds,theseedviabilityof4species(Malusbaccata,Prunusdavidiana,P.armenicaandAmygdalupersica)withmoisturecontent(MC)changingwastestedafter30-daystorageinliquidnitrogenof-196℃.Theresultsshowedthatallthe4speciesofseedscankeepastableviabilityaftercryopreservation.Intheprocedure,theoptimumMCwas48g/kgforM.baccata,27g/kgforP.davidiana,31g/kgforP.armenicaand45g/kgforA.persica,...

简介：Inordertoexplorethefeasibilityofcryopreservationstorageonforesttreeseeds,germinationofAmorphafruticosaandPlatycladusorientalisseedswithmoisturecontent(MC)changingwastestedafterstorageinliquidnitrogenof-196oCfor30d.Theresultsshowedthatbothspeciesofseedscankeephighgerminationpercentageaftercryopreservation.ForA.fruticosa,thegerminationpercentageofseedswasthehighestwhen4.1%MCwasusedforstorage,andforP.orientalisitwasthehighestwhen6...

简介：在激光，微波和类似的技术的进展导致了包含皮组织的热治疗的最近的开发。这些处理的有效性被管理由联合了影响织物的热、机械、生物、神经的回答：一个有利相互作用相对小的疼痛和没有持续副作用地导致一个过程。当前，尽管每个行为的方面到建立并且理解的某个程度，任何一个都不在学科交差的区域存在到日期。一条高度学科交差的途径为学习皮肤的biothermomechanical行为被要求，包含简历热转移，简历力学和生理学。对这个题目恰当的全面文学评论在这篇论文被介绍，盖住四个题目区域：(a)皮肤结构，(b)皮肤简历热转移和热损坏，(c)皮肤简历力学，和(d)皮肤biothermomechanics。为进一步的研究的主要问题，问题，和话题也被构画出。这评论发现在每这些方面的重要进展在最近的年里被完成了。尽管焦点被放在皮肤织物的biothermomechanical行为之上，在这篇论文考察的基本概念和方法论可能也为学习另外的软纸巾是适用的。

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简介：Anopen-endedcoaxiallinereflectionmethodespeciallysuitableformeas-uringthedielectricpropertiesofbiologicaltissueinvivoisdescribed.Thismethodofferstheadvantageofnotrequiringanyspecialpreparationofthesamplestobemeasuredbutaclosecontactwiththeopenendofacoaxialline.Itis,therefore,veryconvenienttoacquirealargenumberofmeasurementdatainbroadbandrapidly.Themethodmayalsobeusedtomeasurethepropertiesofothersubstances.ThemeasuringsystemconsistsofanetworkanalyzercontrolledbyamicrocomputerandcalibratedbyusingANAproceduretoelimi-hatetheinflunceoferrornetworkintroducedbytheadapter,someconnectors,etc.Inor-dertoreachhigheraccuracy,theiterativemethodisusedtodeterminetheparametersoftheequivalentcircuit.Measurementsofpermeativitiesofsomelivingtissueshavebeenper-formedinthefrequencybandof0.5-2GHz.Comparedwiththeresultsknowninsomepapers,thevalidityofthismethodhasbeenconfirmed.Thedifferenceindielectricproper-tiesbetweenlivinganddeadtissues,andthetissuepermeativites(ε)versusfrequencyanddurationofmeasurementafterdeathhavealsobeenmeasured.

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简介：Aim:Toevaluatetheeffectoftamoxifencitrateonmalereproductivesystemofrat.Methods:Groupsofmaleratsweregavagedwithtamoxifenatdosesof200mg.kg·^-1.d^-1,400mg·kg·^-1.d^-1or800mg.kg^-1·d^-1in0.1mLoliveoilfor10consecutivedays.Controlsweretreatedwith0.1mLoliveoil.Ratswereanesthetizedandkilledond3,d15ord35afterthelastdose.Testeswerecollected,processedforparaffinembedding,sectionedat5μmthickness,stainedwithH&Eandanalyzedmicroscopically.Results:Therewasadose-dependentincreaseintheoccurrenceofseminiferoustubulardistortionwithgerminalcellsloughing.Thehighestdoseincreasedthenumberofmultinucleatedgiantcellsond3andd15.Conclusion:Tamoxifencitrateinducesmultinucleatedgiantcellsandgerminalepithelialsloughinginadose-dependentmannerandthesechangesaredetrimentaltomalefertility.(AsianJAndrol2003Sep;5:217-220)

简介：AbstractObjective:It has recently been shown that the melanoma antigen gene (MAGE) family is expressed in various tumor cell lines but silent in normal tissues, except germ cell lines. Mageb4, a member of the MAGE family, is highly expressed in thetestisand homologous in humans and mice. Whole-exome sequencing studies have identified Mageb4 as a possible X-linked cause of inherited male infertility. However, the function of Mageb4 protein remains largely unknown.Methods:Using clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) 9 technology, we generated a Mageb4 knockout mouse model (Mageb4-/Y) to explore the role of this gene in spermatogenesis.Results:First, immunostaining of testicular cells showed that Mageb4 is localized in the cytoplasm of spermatogonia. Second, Mageb4-/Y male mice displayed significant increases in apoptosis. However, Mageb4-/Y male mice showed normal fertility, including normal sperm concentration, sperm motility, and testicular and epididymal histology.Conclusions:These findings suggest that, despitetestis-exclusive expression, Mageb4 is dispensable for mouse spermatogenesis. Future research should focus on the role of this gene in apoptosis, aiming to provide clinical guidance regarding male infertility.

简介：性腺开发要求保证germline和体的干细胞的更新和区别最终生产成熟配偶子的一个协调soma-germline相互作用。果蝇瘤suppressor基因磁盘大(dlg)编码在神经与肌的连接的上皮的极化，不对称的神经母细胞部门，和形成期间工作的有中隔的连接蛋白质。这里，我们在体的包囊房间(SCC)在睾丸开发和它的批评功能报导dlg的角色。在这些房间，dlg首先为他们的幸存和扩大被要求，并且贡献spermatocyte包囊区别。当Dlg变得限制了在时，房间死亡首先在spermatogonial扩大的结束发生在SCC野类型(wt)睾丸到盖住成长spermatocyte包囊的远侧的体的房间。在早SCC的dlg抄本的RNAi弄空充分阻止了睾丸开发，而在迟了的SCC的弄空导致了spermatocyte包囊结构和细菌房间individualization的一个故障。在SCC的特定的dlg表示导致了dlg异种睾丸的发展营救，而它在细菌房间的表示没施加如此的效果。在wt睾丸的dlgoverexpression在损坏spermatogonial包囊的情况下导致了spermatocyte包囊扩大。我们的数据证明dlg实质上为他们的幸存，扩大，和区别，并且为germline房间的封装在SCC被要求。

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简介：AbstractObjective:To evaluate the effect of morphologic factors on survival rate (SR), pregnancy rate (PR), and implantation rate (IR) of human embryo vitrification following frozen embryo transfer (FET) on day 3 post-ovulation.Methods:Women undergoing FET (n = 921) with embryos cryopreserved by vitrification between 2012 and 2013 were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study.Results:Embryos with >9 blastomeres yielded the highest SR of 100%. Lower SR was observed in embryos with 5 to 6 (57.5%) and 4 blastomeres (41.4%). In terms of blastomere symmetry, the SR of embryos with equally sized blastomeres was significantly higher than that of embryos with unequally sized cells (82.5% vs. 64.6%, P < 0.05). As fragmentation increased, SR decreased from 92.1% to 20.6% (P < 0.05). Significant differences were observed among groups when analyzing PR and IR according to the 3 embryonic parameters before vitrification. Embryos with 13 to 16 blastomeres yielded the highest PR (39.5%) and IR (24.1 %). The PR and IR of embryos with blastomeres of equal size were significantly higher than those with unequally sized blastomeres (36.5% vs. 21.7%, 23.7% vs. 12.4%, P < 0.05). After warming, embryos with 13 to 16 blastomeres yielded the highest PR and IR (40.9% and 24.2%, respectively). The PR and IR were observed to grow with an increase in the percentage of intact blastomeres (23.2%-38.2%, 14.2%-23.2%).Conclusions:These results show that vitrification methods do not effectively improve survival outcomes for embryos of poor quality and it is needed to develop a comprehensive vitrification protocol that considers all the practical aspects, including the current limitation regarding cleavage-stage embryos of poor quality.

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简介：对大脑和中央神经系统(CNS)的针的绳索的创伤的损害导致严重、永久的神经病学的赤字并且到日期，没有普遍接受的处理。由于深刻影响，广泛的研究被执行了瞄准减少煽动性的回答并且在损害以后在CNS克服禁止的环境以便提高新生。人工的脚手架可以为axonal新生和功能的恢复提供合适的环境，并且具有在损害在一个cavitary缺点导致了的情况中的特别重要性。在这评论，我们为CNS织物工程讨论脚手架的开发，集中于为设计并且制作脚手架的CNS损害，在研究被使用了的各种各样的biomaterials，和当前的策略的机制。

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简介：瞄准：调查17β-estradiol(E2)的效果，Peganum伤害翼摘录(PHE)和各种各样的睾丸参数上的热量的限制(CR)在老化期间。方法：Twelve-month-old雄的老鼠与E2或PHE被对待6个月，或提交了到CR(40%)。结果：我们的结果证明雌激素和CR能由象aromatase和雌激素受体基因表情的减少一样阻止睾丸激素和E2层次的减少保护男性腺。确实，E2，PHE和CR处理在超级氧化物dismutase活动导致了增加并且减少阴囊的酶的活动：gamma-glutamyltransferase，碱的磷酸酶，喂奶deshydrogenase以及aspartate并且喂奶在年老的动物的transaminases。另外，阴囊的过氧化氢酶和gluthationeperoxidase活动在18月年龄与未经治疗的动物相比在E2，PHE和对待CR的老鼠被提高。而且，estradiol，PHE和CR的积极效果被类脂化合物的底层进一步每氧化支持。精子发生的恢复在对待的老鼠被记录。结论：除为精子发生有益的一本低热量的食谱以外，雌激素的一个保护的antioxydant角色被建议。雌激素推迟阴囊的房间损坏，它导致功能的老朽并且，因此雌激素在保护繁殖功能免受在年老的睾丸在大数量生产的反应的氧种类(ROS)施加的不利效果的伤害是有用的。

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简介：AbstractObjective:There has been a significant shift from open craniofacial resection of the anterior skull base to endoscopic approaches that accomplish the same outcomes in tumor ablation. However, when open resection is required, free flap reconstruction is often necessary to provide sufficient well-vascularizedtissuefor optimal wound healing as well as providing adequatetissuebulk for cosmesis. This articleaims to providea focused review of free flaps most commonly used in anterior skull base reconstruction.Methods:This is a state-of-the-art review based on expert opinion and previously published reviews and journal articles, queried using PubMed and Google Scholar.Results & conclusion:Anterior skull base reconstruction via freetissuetransfer is imperative in limiting complications and promoting healing, particularly with large defects, post-radiation, and in at-risk patients. The type of free flap utilized for a particular anterior skull base reconstruction should be tailored to the patient and nature of the disease. This review offers insight into the numerous reconstructive options for the free flap surgeon.